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This article examines relevant primary sources for the reconstruction of the early history of Pangasinan. Early history means
the history of Pangasinan peoples prior to the advent of Spanish colonialism. It identifies key sites mentioned in ethnographic texts
that are potential sites for archaeological investigation. Although it deals with the history of Pangasinan before the arrival of Juan de
Salcedo and Martin de Goiti, it utilizes several contact period accounts, other earlier cronicas, dictionaries and even folklore to understand early Pangasinan society.

This paper is a partial result obtained in the Austronesian Genetic Classification Project directed by Isidore Dyen at Yale University, and supported by the National Science Foundation (Grand #38073X).

Excerpt from the Abstract: The study covered a) organizational profile of cooperatives in terms of : date registered, articles of cooperation and by-laws,number of employees;membership, assets; deposits; trainings conducted; services rendered;Linkages; and presence of a core management team; b) governance model strengthens confidence in cooperatives as an instrument to reducing poverty: traditional; corporate; democratic; and eclectic; c) the level of governance being practiced along :accountability, transparency, predictability; and participation; d) services provided by cooperatives in alleviating poverty of the members in terms of: provision of credit, employment, educational assistance, mutual aid fund, e. health benefits, Member’s benefit; and community involvement; e) problems in cooperative governance along the following:accountability, transparency, predictability; and participation. The following research hypotheses were tested at the .05 level of significance. 1. There is a significant relationship between governance activities practiced and governance models applied by cooperatives; 2. There is a significant relationship of the level of governance practiced and the level of Governance Mode predominantly applied by cooperatives; 3) There is a significant difference in the governance activities across their organizational profile variables.

Abstract: Languages in the Philippines, though almost all belonging to the Austronesian language family, have unique ways on how sounds and sound patterns are realized. The number of phonemic sounds varies in each language. The Pangasinan language, according to Richard Benton (1971), has five significant vowel phonemes namely /a/, / ɛ /, / ǝ /, /i/ and / ᴐ / or / ʊ / , and 13 consonant phonemes. The quality of these phonemes changes depending on the phonetic environment. This study used a scientific approach in describing the vowels of Pangasinan according to their acoustic properties and depending on the environments they are found. These environments include stressed and unstressed positions. A software program was utilized to analyze the individual characteristics of these vowels. In general, this study contributes to the production and development of educational materials in teaching the Pangasinan language to its native speakers, and even to interested second language learners.

The intent of this paper is to present an argument for the position that the decadence of anlong (poetry) in Pangasinan was due to the fact that the vernacular writers were more attuned to prose writing since Pangasinan was elevated into the rank of liturgical and literary language in the nineteenth century by the Dominican missionaries. The vernacular was first consciously used for political, social and cultural values after the Spanish Era in the writings of the zarzuelistas (1900s- 1930s) up to the time of the novelists (1930s-1960s).

This study is focused on analyzing all 31 poems by Santiago Villafania (1971) in his book, Balikas na Caboloan. The aim of this study is to reveal how his use of his native language and cultural heritage has transformed Pangasinan from a tangible, physical place to a state of ideology, which is Caboloan.

Using Stephen Greenblatt’s theory of New Historicism, the significance of the texts were analyzed by first, describing the values, mores and the researcher’s knowledge of the history of Pangasinan, particularly at the time indicated in the texts; second, by reflecting on how Villafania’s personal historical circumstances affected or influenced the text; and third, by identifying and appreciating the social mores that were communicated within the text.

The study shows that Villafania’s poetry was heavily influenced by his personal account or view of his environment, specifically, the place where he grew up in, Pangasinan. The practices, beliefs and ultimately, the way of life insinuated within the text are reminiscent of an older time, thus transforming Pangasinan, as we know it today, back to Caboloan.

Esaes ed Kareenan tan arum ni’ran Anlong nen Santiago B. Villafania

THE publication of Malagilion: Sonnets tan Villanelles by Santiago B. Villafania (363 pp. Manila: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino and Emilio Aguinaldo College, 2007) should be a source of rejoicing for readers of regional literatures. This second book by Pangasinan’s leading poet today is impressive in both form and substance. Villafania has created 300 sonnets and 50 villanelles in his own language that attempt to reflect the primacy of native culture and return the poet to the central stage of social life. There is a sense of urgency here, considering that Pangasinan literature is in a lamentable state. As the Villafania himself said, “Pangasinan poets today lack the invigorating environment of a literary movement. We are alone in a wasteland and without support from the ‘cultural ambient.’ We are a dying tribe on the verge of extinction.” His hyperbole aside, Pangasinan really has not done well in competition with English, Tagalog, and Ilocano; there are no significant literary and journalistic publications to nourish and sustain a regional literature; and the provincial government does not seem to give priority to the revitalization of Pangasinan as a common medium of communication, in spite of the fact that it has more than one and a half million speakers.

The first half of the twentieth century is said to have been the Golden Age of Pangasinan Literature, but indubitably without succeeding in establishing Pangasinan as a popular literature. The emergence of umaanlong (poet) in the said period produced excellent poems written in the vernacular but only few were published. There was not even an anthology of poetry published in that period. Anlong was not the principal expression of our writers in that era.

The Pangasinan anlong or poetry was once predominantly oral: tumatagaumen and umaanlong performed poems. Often, it was accompanied by kutibeng (ancient guitar) and/or tulali (a kind of string instrument similar to kudyapi or lyre.) One good example of Pangasinan oral poetry was the Petek, a kind of poetic joust similar to the Tulang Patnigan of the Tagalogs. When the written form of poetry became dominant, oral poetry became unpopular.

Chief Quarantine Officer reports, August 19 and 25 and September 2, 8, and 14:
Cholera was reported in the city of Manila as follows: Week ended August 13, 14 cases, 10 deaths; week ended August 20, 16 cases, 11 deaths; week ended August 27, 21 cases, 11 deaths; week ended September 3, 25 cases, 18 deaths; week ended September 10, 15 cases, 15 deaths.

Abstract: Preference for goat characteristics was determined from 42 traders in six markets in Pangasinan, an important trading center for goats in Luzon, the Philippines, and analyzed using a hedonic price model to determine whether these characteristics are important price determinants of goats. This information is important to goat raisers to respond to the needs of the local market, and thus to achieve a better price and higher income in goat raising. Meatiness, size, breed, sex and age (in descending order) were the dominant goat characteristics preferred by traders. Meatiness had the largest positive influence on price, with a price premium of US$6.24 (US$1.00 = PhP 53), whereas the age of the animal had the smallest influence at US$3.72. However, size and meatiness are manifestations of good breeds. Therefore, continued efforts to improve
breeds in order to produce good quality goats are imperative to cater to market needs. Different characteristics implied different price premiums. Traders offered a higher price premium for better goat characteristics; thus, the improvement of these characteristics could result in higher returns for goat raisers.

Abstract" The seasonality of standing crop of a Sargassum bed was investigated by conducting monthly sampling from February 1988 to July 1989 . Environmental parameters of water movement, salinity, number of daytime minus tides, and water temperature were also measured . An intra-annual pattern of variation in standing crop of Sargassum crassifolium, S . cristaefolium, S. oligocystum, and S. polycystum was observed. Standing crop was generally lowest in February, March, April, or May, and highest in
November through January. Sargassum accounted for about 35 to 85% of the monthly algal standing crop of the bed, and the observed variation in overall standing crop of the bed generally reflected the standing crop of Sargassum. The seasonality of the standing crops of the associated algal divisions also followed an annual cycle, but their maximum and minimum standing crops did not coincide with those of Sargassum. Individually, as well as collectively, the standing crops of the Sargassum spp . were poorly
correlated with the environmental factors observed.

This is a published journal article of the Philippine Sociological Society Proceedings from the Fifth Annual Baguio Religious Acculturation Conference, January - April 1962

Excerpt from Scope and Limitation of the Study:
This study covered about Jute or Jew's Mallow and what is the goodness that it can give when it comes to cleaning action. First of all, it is very important to ask a question why is it Jute is a vegetable one chooses to make a dishwashing liquid? It is because it is known fact that Jute it easy to find here in the Philippines. Furthermore, jute has nano zinc that can kill bacteria that is harmful to us. Second, why is it we give our time for this study if we can buy dishwashing liquid from the stores? Is it because there are so many leading dishwashing liquid brands all over the Philippines even around the world but some of those are not totally killing the bacteria around the kitchen utensils.

Excerpt from Scope and Limitation of the Study:
The researcher focused the study on the Participation of Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) in crime prevention at San Jacinto, Pangasinan. The respondents were residents of the nineteen (19) Barangay of San Jacinto, Pangasinan. It did not include the functions of the SK chairman and its officials.

Excerpt from Scope and Limitation of the Study:
This study involved the Junior High School students of the Metro Dagupan Colleges Productivity High School these are Grade 7, Grade 8, Grade 9, and Grade 10. College students and Senior High School students of Metro Dagupan Colleges were not included in this study. The study was conducted at Metro Dagupan Colleges with the proper guidance and help of the High School Faculty and teachers.

Excerpt from Scope and Limitation of the Study:
The study only focused on the implementation of the provisions of the San Fabian Municipal Ordinance No. 11-S-2004. It included the causes or reasons for non-implementation or violation of these provisions in the Municipal ordinance.

Excerpt from Scope and Limitation of the Study:
This study includes PNP Mangaldan and Barangay officials, asking our respondents to give some information about our topic entitled crimes against person that we all known that our respondents our knowledgeable about it. This study did not include the private personnel in mangaldan. The personnel are NUP (Non-Uniform Pulis).